Information Security Policy Document (ISPD) Assignment

Information Security Policy Document (ISPD) - Assignment Example Organizations are dependent on these digital communication channels for transferring and exchanging classified information such as confidential information, mission critical information and information that is published for the people. As information is a blood life of any organization, it is vital to protect information by implementing physical, logical and environmental controls. In the context of protecting information security, three fundamental factors must be considered to make use of digitized information in an effective manner i.e. Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. As there is a requirement of protecting this digital information internally and externally, policy is a control that provides necessary steps, procedures and processes to protect information. These are also considered as high level statements derived from the board of the organization. â€Å"Information security policy is therefore considered an essential tool for information security management† (Ilvonen 2009). However, information security policy is customized by company to company and department to department. Different factor that may influence to tailor the policy includes organization size, dependence on information systems, regulatory compliance and information classification scheme. For addressing all issues related to information security via a single policy is not possible, however, to cover all aspects related to information security, a set of information security policy document focusing on different group of employees within the organization is more suitable. This paper will discuss different factors that must be taken in to account when constructing and maintaining an information security policy. However, there are many methods available for constructing an information security policy, the initial step before adopting any one of the methods is to identify the current maturity level of the policy construction process within the organization. The outputs will be either no information security policy development process in place or there is an extensive policy development process exists. As University of Wales has inaugurated a new bespoke digital forensic and information security laboratory, we will use a phased approach that will use a basic policy framework that will address key policies followed with the development of more policies. Likewise, the phased approach will also revise the existing policies that are already in place. In the current scenario there is no policy in place, as the laboratory is new. One key element for a policy development process is the process maturity level. For instance, a newly derived comprehensive and complex security policy cannot be successful because organizations need time for compliance. Common pitfalls for compliance are different organization cultures, lack of management buy-in, insufficient resources and many other factors. For a newly inaugurated forensic laboratory, the initial

The Basic Characteristics of an Effective Management Essay Example for Free

The Basic Characteristics of an Effective Management Essay I.Management-oriented: The basic objective of MIS is to provide information support tothe management in the organization for decision making. So an effective MIS should startits journey from appraisal of management needs, mission and goal of the businessorganization. It may be individual or collective goals of an organization. The MIS is suchthat it serves all the levels of management in an organization i.e. top, middle and lower level. II.Management directed: When MIS is management-oriented, it should be directed by themanagement because it is the management who tells their needs and requirements moreeffectively than anybody else. Manager should guide the MIS professionals not only at the stage of planning but also ondevelopment, review and implementation stages so that effective system should be theend product of the whole exercise in making an effective MIS. III.Integrated: It means a comprehensive or complete view of all the sub systems in theorganization of a company. Development of information must be integrated so that all theoperational and functional information sub systems should be worked together as a singleentity. This integration is necessary because it leads to retrieval of more meaningful anduseful information. IV.Common data flows: The integration of different sub systems will lead to a commondata flow which will further help in avoiding duplicacy and redundancy in datacollection, storage and processing. For example, the customer orders are the basis for many activities in an organization viz. billing, sales for cashing, etc. Data is collected bya system analyst from its original source only one time. Then he utilizes the data withminimum number of processing procedures and uses the information for productionoutput documents and reports in small numbers and eliminates the undesirable data. Thiswill lead to elimination of duplication that simplify the operations and produce anefficient information system. V.Heavy planning-element: The preparation of MIS is not a one or two day exercise. Itusually takes 3 to 5 years and sometimes a much longer period. So the system expert hasto keep 2 things in mind – one is that he has to keep future objectives as well as the firm’sinformation well in advance and also he has to keep in mind that his MIS will not beobsolete before it gets into action. VI.Sub System concept: When a problem is seen in 2 sub parts, then the better solution tothe problem is possible. Although MIS is viewed as a single entity but for its effectiveuse, it should be broken down in small parts or subsystems so that more attention andinsight is paid to each sub system. Priorities will be set and phase of implementation will be made easy. While making or breaking down the whole MIS into subsystems, it should be kept in mind that the subsystems should be easily manageable. VII.Common database: This is the basic feature of MIS to achieve the objective of usingMIS in business organizations. It avoids duplication of files and storage which leads toreduction in costs. Common database means a â€Å"Super file or Master file† whichconsolidates and integrates data records formerly stored in many separate data files. Theorganization of the database allows it to be accessed by each subsystem and thus,eliminates the necessity of duplication in data storage, updating, deletion and protection. VIII.Computerized: MIS can be used without a computer. But the use of computersincreases the effectiveness and the efficiency of the system. The queries can be handledmore quickly and efficiently with the computerized MIS. The other benefits are accuracy,storage capacity and timely information. IX.User friendly/Flexibility: An MIS should be flexible i.e. there should be room for further modification because the MIS takes much time in preparation and our environment is dynamic in nature.MIS should be such that it should be usedindependently by the end user so that they do not depend on the experts. X.Information as a resource: Information is the major ingredient of any MIS. So, an MISshould be treated as a resource and managed properly

Buying A Personal Computer :: essays research papers

In our report we hope to provide a helpful and detailed guide to buying a personal computer. Our aim is to be able to meet our student’s needs without exceeding our budget. We will cover input, output and storage devices and provide a realistic and practical advice for the buyer. We have chosen to find two PC’s within our budget one of the PC’s is a bottom of the range inexpensive PC from PC World which may seem like you are getting a deal. However, when we have concluded our report you will see why it isn’t quite the bargain it appears to be. The processor is a vital component it is in some way responsible for every single thing the PC does. The processor is also a major determinant of overall system cost: the newer and more powerful the processor, the more expensive the machine will be. The processors in both PCs are not Pentium however they are clones of the Pentium. As shown in the chart above (below) you can see that the PC from Computer Warehouse is faster as it is an AMD K6/2 500mhz processor compare to the Cyrix 400mhz in the other, the former is also a more recent design. The AMD K6/2 also offers Pentium Pro class performance. For a students basic computing needs it is not necessary to have the fastest most up to date processor. Since we have to stay within a budget it is necessary to maintain value for money, the AMD K6/2 offers us this. It is true in regards to hard drives you can never have too much storage. Buying lots of capacity is smart because data files tend to grow to fill the available space. More software fills up more space, on the grounds that with today's hard drives you can lose 100MB or so without noticing it. Again the Computer Warehouse PC is of much better value as it is 10.2gb compared to the 4.2gb of the other computer. The fact that the Computer Warehouse PC is also IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) also is a money saver.

Tda 2.5 Schools as Organisations

TDA 2. 5 Schools as organisations Task 1 Links to learning outcome 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, assessment criteria 1. 1, 1. 2, 2. 1, 2. 2, 2. 3, 3. 1, 3. 2, 3. 3, 4. 1, 4. 2, 5. 1, 5. 2, 6. 1, 6. 2 and 6. 3. †¢Identify the main types of state and independent schools †¢Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance †¢Describe roles and responsibilities of: -School governors -Senior management team -Other statutory roles e. g. SENCO -Teachers †¢Describe the roles of external professionals who may work with a school e. g. ducational psychologist †¢Define the meaning of: -Aims -Values †¢Describe with examples how schools may demonstrate and uphold their aims †¢Describe with examples how schools may demonstrate and uphold their values †¢Identify the laws and codes of practice affecting work in schools †¢Describe why school have policies and procedures †¢Identify the policie s and procedures school may have relating to: -Staff -Pupil welfare -Teaching and learning †¢Identify the roles and responsibilities of national and local government for education policy and practice †¢Describe the role of schools in national olicies relating to children, young people and families †¢Describe the roles of other organisations working with children and young people and how these may impact on the work in schools. Identify the main types of state and independent schools Links to learning outcome 1, assessment criteria 1. 1 AND Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance Links to learning outcome 1, assessment criteria 1. 2 All children in England between the ages of 5 and 16 are entitled to a free place at a state school. There are four main types of state schools that receive funding from the local authority. They all follow the national curriculum and are regularly inspected by OFSTED. Community schools – Run by the local authority, which employ the staff, own the lands and building, and decides which admissions criteria to use. Community schools have strong links with the local community and they usually offer their facilities for childcare and adult learning classes. (I do work placement at a community school) Foundation and trust schools – Foundation schools are run by their own governing body, which employs the staff and sets the admissions criteria. Land and buildings are owned by the governing body or a charitable foundation. Trust schools are like foundation schools but they have an outside partnership which forms a charitable trust. The outside partner could be a business or educational charity. They try to explore new way of working to raise standards. The governing body decides whether to become a trust school with parents having a say. Voluntary-aided schools – Are mainly religious or faith schools. The governing body employs staff and sets the admissions criteria. The school buildings and land is owned by a charity hich could be a religious organisation. They also appoint some of the members of the governing body. Voluntary-controlled schools- Are similar to voluntary-aided schools, but are run by the local authority. The local authority employs the staff and set the admissions criteria. The land and buildings and land are owned by a charity usually a religious organisation, which also appoint some members of the g overning body. There are; Specialist schools- which follow the National Curriculum and focus on a particular subject area like, sports, media or technology. Academies- which are independently managed, they are set up by sponsors from business, faith or voluntary groups in partnership with the Department for Education (DfE) and the local authority. Together they fund the land and buildings, with the government covering the running costs. City Technology Colleges- These are independently managed, non-fee-paying schools in urban areas for pupils of all abilities aged 11 to 18. They are geared towards science, technology and the world of work, offering a range of vocational qualifications as well as GCSEs and A levels. Community and foundation special schools- cater for children with specific special educational needs. These may include physical disabilities or learning difficulties. Faith schools- are mostly run in the same way as other state schools. However, their faith status may be reflected in their religious education curriculum, admissions criteria and staffing policies. Grammar schools- select all or most of their pupils based on academic ability. Maintained boarding schools- offer free tuition, but charge fees for board and lodging. Independent schools- set their own curriculum and admissions policy is usually decided by the governing body and head teacher. They are funded by fees paid by parents and income from investments. Just over half have charitable status. They have to be registered with the DfE, and regularly monitored by OFSTED. http://www. direct. gov. uk/en/Parents/Schoolslearninganddevelopment/ChoosingASchool/DG_4016312 Describe roles and responsibilities of: -School governors -Senior management team -Other statutory roles e. g. SENCO -Teachers Links to learning outcome 2, assessment criteria 2. 1 School governors- work with the school, they work in partnership with the headteacher and staff. Governors do not intervene with the day to day running of the school, unless there is a serious problem. The governing body is also responsible for making sure that the schools finances are managed appropriately. It is also responsible for staffing and personnel management. They will also make decisions on issues involving the curriculum and whether to write new policies. Senior management team- Is responsible for taking interviews, inductions, performance monitoring, and appraisals. They can also deal with complaints and issues with colleagues. Deal with courses and career development. They can hold staff meetings, also be responsible for child protection issues. Have general information about policies. Sort out salary queries. Other statutory roles e. g. SENCO- This person is responsible for coordinating the special needs policies in a setting and advising staff. They will be the line of contact for any outside agencies that need to come into the school to look at individual children with special needs. Teachers- are responsible for the education and welfare of the children in the reception classes and for the communication with Parents and all members of the School community. Specific responsibilities: CURRICULUM †¢ Provide a broad, balanced curriculum based on the Foundation Stage †¢ Plan effectively, using learning objectives, producing long-term, mid term and weekly plans †¢ Organise an appropriate timetable, following School’s guidelines †¢ Arrange visits out of school for the children, to extend learning opportunities †¢ Arrange visitors to come to school, to enrich learning and encourage enquiry ASSESSMENT †¢ Assess children regularly, both formally and informally †¢ Observe individual children in different situations and involved in different activities †¢ Use Baseline Assessment †¢ Keep up to date profiles for all children †¢ Use assessment results to plan appropriate learning programmes Describe the roles of external professionals who may work with a school e. g. educational psychologist Links to learning outcome 2, assessment criteria 2. 2 EDUCATIONAL PSYCOLOGIST Educational psychologists consider how children learn, so are used to helping to identify learning difficulties. They visit schools and settings regularly and work alongside parents and professionals in the setting. PHYSIOTHERAPIST A physiotherapist helps to identify a child’s main physical problems while working alongside other professionals and parents. SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPIST Speech and language therapists work with children who have some difficulties with their language. COMMUNITY PAEDIATRICIAN Paediatricians are manly based in hospitals and clinics. They have specialised training in children’s medicine and children are referred to them via their family doctor for diagnosis. They make regular assessments of hildren’s progress and medical needs. They are able to refer children to other health services such as speech and language therapy and dieticians. COMMUNITY NURSE In some areas community nurses visit schools and settings to help provide advice and support. Integrating health and education is a major focus for the Every Child Matters programme, so some early yea r’s centres will have a community based at the centre. FAMILY DOCTOR (GP) A GP has general training in medicine. GP’s form part of the community health team and act as a base for a child’s ongoing medical treatment and notes. CHILD PSYCHIATRIST Children or young people who are showing depression or emotional difficulties may be referred to child psychiatrist. A child psychiatrist has been trained as a doctor specialising in mental health and is able to prescribe medication as well as being able to consider the underlying issues behind a child’s emotional state. CHILD PSYCHOTHERAPIST A child psychotherapist will work with children or young people who are showing emotional distress by talking through their experiences with them and helping the child to explore these. CHILD PSYCHOLOGIST A child psychologist looks at child’s development and learning in a similar way to an educational psychologist. The main difference between their roles is that a child psychologist may support children in a range of different settings rather than just in the educational context. PLAY THERAPIST A play therapist helps children to explore trauma or experiences through the medium of play. EDUCATIONAL WELFARE OFFICER/EDUCATION SOCIAL WORKER The main function of these professionals is to liaise between home and families in cases where school attendance is infrequent. It is an offence for children over 5 years old not to be in some sort of full-time educational programme. ) SPECIAL NEEDS SUPPPORT TEACHER These teachers travel between schools to visit young people or children in their home or pre-school settings. They are able to help a wide range of children and are often seen as useful sources of support and guidance. CLASSROOM ASSISTANT/LEARNING SUPPORT ASSISTANT Their main purpose is to support an individual child, young person or a group of children or young people within a classroom under direction of the teacher. Social worker The majority of social workers are employed by the local authority, although some are employed by voluntary organisations. They are generally deployed in teams according to specialist areas, for example social workers may be involved in caring for older clients, adoption or fostering work. Social workers can provide guidance and advice as well as practical support for families. RESPITE CARERS Respite carers look after children for short periods of time so that their parents can have some time out. CARERS AND BENEFIT ADVISORS Some settings have career and benefits advisors as part of the team. They can help parents find employment and training courses and give them advice about claiming benefit. Define the meaning of: -Aims -Values Links to learning outcome 2, assessment criteria 2. 3 Aims and Values are usually set out in the schools mission statement. Aims- explain what the school wants to achieve. They are usually set out by the head teacher with support from the community and parents. Values- can be determined by the schools rules, usually include respect for self and others and are closely related to Personal, Social, Health and Economic education (PSHE) and citizenship education. Values are based on moral code. The mission statement from the school I do my work placement at; All children will receive an education that is broad and balanced, that develops their potential and is suited to their needs. They will be given opportunities to discover and develop their talents through curricular and extracurricular activities. The ethos and curriculum of the school will instil values that will encourage independence, self esteem and respect for others. Describe with examples how schools may demonstrate and uphold their aims Links to learning outcome 3, assessment criteria 3. 1 Schools may demonstrate and uphold their aims in a mission statement. For example the school where I do work placement explains that they are committed to encouraging the children to reach their full potential whatever their needs. Describe with examples how schools may demonstrate and uphold their values Links to learning outcome 3, assessment criteria 3. 2 Schools may demonstrate and uphold their values in a mission statement. The mission statement from the school where I do my work placement states that the curriculum and ethos of the school will encourage self esteem, independence and respect for others. Identify the laws and codes of practice affecting work in schools Links to learning outcome 3, assessment criteria 3. 3 There are some laws and codes of practice that affect work in schools which are; Children’s Act 2004; Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and Special Educational Needs Code of Practice; Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Children’s Act 2004 -it was passed to make sure that duties would be put on local authorities to ensure that all the different services that work with children and their families work more efficiently together. Data Protection Act 1998 – Schools are required to keep information secure and it can only be used for the purpose it was gathered for. Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and Special Educational Needs Code of Practice- Schools are not to discriminate against disabled children this has led to more disabled children in mainstream schools. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974- Designed to protect everyone within the school and give procedures to follow in the event of an accident. Identify the policies and procedures school may have relating to: -Staff -Pupil welfare -Teaching and learning

Head Ski Case Essay

1. The best indicators to assess whether Head Ski had the competitive advantage in the ski industry would be to look at profit ratios and compare them to competitors, which will allow us to assess whether Head Ski has above average profits. The best ratios to look at are: return on assets, return on sales as compared to other ski companies that sell high-priced skies, and return on equity, combined with numbers that show how much Head Ski is financed by debt. Looking at net margin as compared to competitors would also be useful. If they have the highest net margin as compared to competitors, than they have the most competitive advantage. 2. Head Ski successfully matched customers demand for high quality metal ski for which consumers were willing to pay premium (as reflected by industry trends), with Head Ski capacity to create differentiation by producing ski with superior features and quality. The skies were sold primarily by experienced specialty retailer in the ski specialty shops, which reflected growing customer preference to buy skies in ski specialty shops. Head ski used differentiation strategy by using strategy focused on superior product quality, and focusing on exceptional service, and prestigious high-quality image. Head Ski created a new metal ski almost 5 years before the introduction of next competitive product, by deploying its superior R&D and creating skies that were radically different in design than anything before. Head skies had unique product features (durable and long lasting, reliable: did not break, and unique performance (turning, tracking, traversing), which were superior to other products and for which customers were willing to pay more, costly to imitate (Head ski introduced several considerable upgrades to the product line over the years and did not hesitate to recall defective product), and organized to be exploited (VRIO). Despite the difficulty of organizing complex ski manufacturing process, Head ski developed many processes from scratch, bettered them, and deployed manufacturing cost efficiencies when possible (laminating press). It implemented effective compensation reward system that consisted ofraises based on seniority, merit reviews and profit sharing plan. As a result, attempts to unionize Head ski plant have been consistently rejected. Quality in service: Head ski was known for exceptional service thorough its ski dealer organizations and regarded them be the most valuable asset. 85% of Head skis were sold through carefully chosen high quality ski specialty shops, where sales staff was highly knowledgeable. Dealers were expected to service Head skies, and for more comprehensive repairs, skies were sent back to the Head ski factory, where skies were repaired under 3 weeks. This level of after-sale service was superior to competition, unique to Head ski, customers valued it, and were willing to pay more for it. It was organized to be exploited but not very costly to imitate, as others could set up similar service (VRO). Shaping perceptions through marketing(Superior to competition): 85% of Head skies were sold through carefully chosen high quality ski shops, with experienced and knowledgeable sales staff, as part of marketing strategy. This strategy helped to shape the perceptions of Head ski being superior in quality and the choice ski for knowledgeable and experienced skiers. This reflected customer needs as ski sales through specialty outlets stores grew faster than through other stores. In addition, Head ski established itself as an important factor in ski racing world, as â€Å"one third of top ten places on all ski racing events were on Head skies), thus adding legitimacy to the product and adding to the value of its brand. Moreover, customers were able to test the product before purchasing it, by renting skies. Ski rental strategy was the most effective way to introduce new customers to the â€Å"ease if Head ski†. This integrated soft-sale approach that relied on word of mouth marketing was unique to Head ski, valuable to the customer, costly to imitate as it required integration of complex relationships, and well organized to be exploited (VRIO). 3. The uniqueness of Head ski has a sustainable competitive advantage can be sustained. Head Ski understands its customers requirements and preferences and creates a unique product that customers value and are willing to pay more for. Sources of Head Ski competitive advantage are sustainable, hard to replicate, and hard and costly to imitate. Head ski had a long history of culture focused on quality and attention to detail that grew out if its entrepreneurial history. It is difficult to imitate such distinctive, integrated strategy that involves â€Å"service, dealer relations, product quality, style, advertising†. Attempts to imitate Head ski strategy would likely fail because of the difficulty of replicating every aspect of the strategy, followed by integrating them in the right way.

Aids in the U.S. essays

Aids in the U.S. essays AIDS is a major concern here in the United States, as well as it is around the world. Geographers are researching the spread of HIV/AIDS throughout the world. In the world approximately twenty one point eight million have died from either disease, and another thirty-six point one million are currently infected with HIV/AIDS. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Most cases of HIV/AIDS were found in the homosexual community and intravenous drug users. HIV has been traced back to where it originated in Africa. It isnt completely proven, but scientists believe that African hunters got it from monkeys. Most likely the African butchers encountered it from cross-transmission of blood from animal populations. AIDS had stayed in Africa for a long time, it wasnt until rural to urban migration and trade routes spread the virus throughout sub-Saharan Africa to East Africa. Several things had contributed to the spread of Aids in Africa. First of all, it widely spread when a great deal of African men had to leave their wifes and families to find jobs. All these men were were living in male only hostels in mines, plantations and large cities. Prostitution quickly spread AIDS amongst the men. Then when the men would go back home to visit the family, the spread would increase. Another way to obtain AIDS was by poverty, famine, war, and many other ways. Last was the ignorance and misinformation about AIDS and AIDS prevention. AIDS is having a devastating effect on sub-Saharan countries. Life expectancy in the sub-Saharan countries by thirty to fifty percent to as low as thirty years old. Usually viruses or diseases target the old or the young, but AIDS kills sexually active adults in the prime of their lives. Young adult women are hit the hardest in Africa, they get the disease faster and also die sooner. In Africa men ...

Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essays

Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essays Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essay Analysis Of External Macro Environment Tourism Essay Kotler identify that in order to fulfill peoples demands and wants, merchandises and services are exchanged in reciprocally honoring minutess, by and large but non entirely, utilizing the pecuniary system. Furthermore, Marketing is to happen out the client demands and wants and fulfill them. Pearl-continental hotels and resorts frequently abbreviated as Personal computer. It is a prima hotel concatenation in Pakistan. It is located in Karachi, Rawalpindi, gwadar, Lahore, Peshawar, Faisalabad, Bur prohibition, A ; Muzafarabad. At the get downing pearl-continental was built in Karachi in 1964 and so in 1967-68 in Lahore. All of these hotels are in tourer topographic points. When tourer enters into the state they want to see beautiful and historic topographic points of in the state. So for that ground the Pearl-Continental direction make their subdivisions near these topographic points as like one is in Bur prohibition. It is located in the Murree part which is a hilly country with bea utiful landscape where tonss of tourer, local and VIP S semen over at that place. The hotel in Karachi is a member of a prima hotel in all over the universe. These hotels are operated and own by Hasoo group, which is an Ismailia concern house in Pakistan. They besides own the Clove Creek hotel in DUBAI, Pearl-Continental hotel flat and hotel one, which is a concatenation of low cost hotel in Lahore, Islamabad, Multan, Bahawalpur and Murree. Currently, they are doing Pearl-Continental tower which is a hotel enlargement undertaking of an bing pearl-continental hotel in Lahore. The proprietors and operators of Pearl-Continental hotels and resort every bit good as conceive the undertaking by Pakistan services ltd. The tower was proposed to be 168m ( 550ft ) and have 42 floors and will be around us $ 80million. 1.1 Description of Pearl-continental: The chief aim of the Pearl-Continental is to be the leader in Hotel industry and to supply excellence service to the client which is built upon the heritage of traditional cordial reception. As I mention Personal computer provide one of the excellence services to their clients. Pear-Continental provides Luxury hotels in Pakistan which have, Swimming pools, Golf class, play evidences, Etc. The staff of Pearl-Continental is good trained and good educated and besides know the regulations of cordial reception so they serve their client in a well mode manner. aˆ? To acquire maximal growing from hotel industry. aˆ? To maintain maintain and add to its individuality aˆ? To supply and keep excellence service base upon heritage of traditional cordial reception aˆ? Provide criterion service which full fill the outlook at international degree. aˆ? Lunch new services and seek to maintain the cost lower limit. aˆ? Provide all the installations to the clients. Figure 1: Goals and objective of Pearl-continental ( Field work ) 2.0 Stakeholder Analysis Figure 2: Stakeholder Analysis, Freeman ( 1984 ) . The traditional definition of a stakeholder is any group or person who can impact or is affected by the accomplishment of the organisation s aims ( Freeman 1984 ) . The general thought of the Stakeholder construct is a redefinition of the organisation. In general the construct is about what the organisation should be and how it should be conceptualized. Friedman ( 2006 ) states that the organisation itself should be thought of, as grouping of stakeholders and the intent of the organisation should be to pull off their involvements, demands and point of views. This stakeholder direction is thought to be fulfilled by the directors of a house. The directors should on the one manus pull off the corporation for the benefit of its stakeholders in order to guarantee their rights and the engagement in decision-making and on the other manus the direction must move as the shareholder s agent to guarantee the endurance of the house to safeguard the long-run bets of each group. Main stakeholders of pearl Continental hotels and their involvement are, 1 ) Board of managers: board of managers are the one of the chief stakeholder of the Pearl-continental. Because they are straight involves in the Pearl-continental determination devising in the new launching undertakings. And in board of managers of Pearl-continental has their proprietor every bit good such as Sadruddin haswani. The chief involvement of the board of manager is to increase the net income. They keep client in head which is external stakeholder. They think that who to crush the rival. 2 ) Government: authorities is a stakeholder every bit good because they take portion in the Pearl-continental determination. Here I can give you an illustration from which you can understand the function of authorities. If Pearl-continental tiffin that we will function you alcohol in every dinner and they advertise it all over in state so the authorities will take action because it is a Moslem state and its illegal to imbibe or sell intoxicant. In another words if they want to get down a undertaking they must take program and permission from authorities otherwise they can non make it. 3 ) Customers: The Pearl-continental chief stakeholder is their clients. If they are non satisfied so their concern will halt. They must maintain client in head they knows the client pick. And the client have a large involvement in Pearl-continental cause it is a luxury hotel they enjoy their service. Pearl-continental besides knows the client demands and wants so some clip they provide assorted offer for their client. Such as free breakfast for two, free dinner for childs etc. 3.0 PESTEL analysis of external Macro Environment. Figure 3: PESTEL analysis of Pearl-continental ( Field work ) 3.1 Introduction: A concern house is an unfastened system. It gets resources from the environment and supplies its goods and services to the environment. There are different degrees of environmental forces. Some are close and internal forces whereas others are external forces. External forces may be related to national degree, regional degree or international degree. These environmental forces provide chances or menaces to the concern community. Every concern organisation attempts to hold on the available chances and face the menaces that emerge from the concern environment. The term concern typically refers to the development and processing of economic values in society. Normally, the term is applied to part of economic activities whose primary intent is to supply goods and services for society in an effectual mode. It is besides applied to economic sciences and commercial activities of establishments which holding other intents. Persons to bring forth goods and services to sell these goods and services in a market topographic point and to harvest some wages for this attempt may specify concern. Functionally, we may specify concern as those human activities, which involves production or purchase of goods with the object of selling them at a net income border . Business organisations can non alter the external environment but they merely react. They change their internal concern constituents ( internal environment ) to hold on the external chances and face the external environmental menaces. It is, hence, really of import to analyze concern environment to last and to acquire success for a concern in its industry. It is, hence, a critical function of directors to analyze concern environment so that they could prosecute effectual concern scheme. A concern house gets human resources, capital, engineering, information, energy, and natural stuffs from society. It follows authorities regulations and ordinances, societal norms and cultural values, regional pact and planetary alliance, economic regulations and revenue enhancement policies of the authorities. Therefore, a concern organisation is a dynamic entity because it operates in a dynamic concern environment. PESTEL analysis is really of import for Pearl-Continental hotels and resorts because the state of affairs is really tense in PAKISTAN. 3.2 Political: There is political instability in Pakistan which consequence the determination doing procedure of the Pearl-Continental. The authorities policies are altering twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours such as monetary values of assorted things/products than its difficult for Pear-Continental to supply same merchandise for their client in low monetary value. The authorities is non helpful in support of the concern. The policies make by the authorities is non in the benefit if the Pearl-Continental because everything is gone up and besides make job for the tourer and locals every bit good. There are ever work stoppages against the authorities policies which have a large impact in Pearl-continental concern. aˆ? Road and rail system aˆ? Political instability aˆ? Lack of good administration aˆ? Health and safety 3.3 Economic: In Pakistan the economic system is traveling down because of unstable authorities and corruptness in every field. The rising prices is traveling high now-a-days so due to which the exchange rates are traveling up besides the involvement rate is high as good amp ; it is really difficult to borrow money for new undertakings and besides the touristry industry is traveling down because of disbursals, terrorist activities, insecure environment so there is low concern now-a-days. Besides there are tonss of revenue enhancements which is additions twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. It is really difficult for the Pear-Continental to better its concern in this state of affairs. Higher currency makes export hard. aˆ? High rising prices aˆ? Exchange rates high aˆ? Interest rates high aˆ? Economic growing depression aˆ? Taxes alterations high/changes 3.4 Social: Pakistan is a development and ISLAMIC state. So Pearl-Continental must look for the environing society. They can non sell or publicize Alcohol because it is banned and improper in Muslim states. In the Pearl-Continental society there is old, immature A ; kids. They must maintain everyone in head such as for immature they already make playing countries for immature they make swimming pool, football, golf class ETC aˆ? Can non sale intoxicant aˆ? T.V advertizement but in full fabrics aˆ? Target everyone in the society 3.5 Technological: In Pakistan there is deficit of electricity because of over population. So the Pearl-Continental demands to convey heavy generators which provide electricity to the whole hotel and fulfill the client. Needs to convey WIFI to their hotels so that clients use cyberspace anyplace in the hotel. Technology can cut down costs, and better quality. Pear-Continental could nt make chancing because it is against the jurisprudence of the state. They needs to set new level screen T.V in each and every room. They need to present a film hall in every hotel for the clients. They already have a web site but they need to better it so that client can do their reserve rapidly. aˆ? No gaming aˆ? New level screen T.V aˆ? WIFI aˆ? Upgrade web site aˆ? Introduced solar energy 3.6 Environmental: Pearl-Continental must used environment friendly merchandises such as recycle plastic bags. Besides make consciousness in their client to be environmental friendly. They need to purchase new recycling machines which recycle the waste of kitchen and lavatories. Changes in temperature cause a large consequence on touristry and agriculture. As like in summer people travel to cold topographic point but in winter they are at place. Tourism industry cause major impact on environment because people use autos, plane and ship ETC to go which polluted the environment. aˆ? Extra revenue enhancement on air travel by authorities aˆ? Introduce new workss for recycling aˆ? Change in clime aˆ? Used reclaimable merchandises 3.7 Legal: Pearl-Continental must make at that place each and every merchandise should be legal. Means they can non publicize or sale the intoxicant. They are non supposed to make chancing in their hotel. There is military operation traveling on against terrorist groups. In response these groups target such type of VIP hotels. Health and safety statute law is altering every twenty-four hours because of unstable authorities. New employment Torahs are presenting in the state. There is jurisprudence for competition so those little hotels are besides secure from large hotel like Pear-Continental. aˆ? Law and order state of affairs aˆ? Employment jurisprudence aˆ? Competition jurisprudence aˆ? Consumer jurisprudence aˆ? Health and safety aˆ? Gambling aˆ? Banned on alcoholic stuffs 4.0 Main selling issues Marketing issues: Figure-4: Chief selling issues of pearl-continental ( Field work ) There is batch of issues/problems which every organisation confronting now-a-days. I will explicate the issues/problems with the Pearl-Continental. aˆ? Monetary value: Monetary value is a major issue in marketing issues in pearl-continental is that the monetary value of everything is additions twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours so its really difficult for them to engage employees or labor on high rates. They can non get down major undertaking because of expensive labor and expensive stuffs. The monetary value of the trade goods is increasing twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours every bit good. aˆ? Political: In Pakistan the authorities is unstable. And every authorities make alterations to the Torahs such as employment Torahs, monetary value altering twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours. The state is gone expensive because of rising prices. Labour is expensive so it is really difficult for Personal computer to make building and run new undertakings. The authorities can non supply safety to the state either due to which the touristry concern is traveling down and Personal computer is losing client. aˆ? Terrorism: Terrorism is all over the universe now-a-days. But the most they affect Pakistan. Due to terrorism the Pear-Continental is unsecure and in 2009 there was a terrorist onslaught in Peshawar on an American deputation after that the Pear-Continental direction wage an excess money to do modern barriers, cheque points, dog units and excess security staff. aˆ? Environment: There is tonss of pollution in Pakistan. But the authorities is now taking action on environmental pollution. Due to which now Pearl-Continental direction needs to purchase new machinery for recycling now they needs to travel for green selling which will be a large attempt in salvaging the environment. They must do a new thing which is will should be reclaimable. aˆ? Well trained staff: Pearl-Continental got rivals. So they ever spend a batch on staff preparation. Which addition in the disbursals? They want that their staff provide proper service to the client. aˆ? Modern Technology: Pc direction needs new generators/solar system to bring forth electricity for their regular demand because there is electric short autumn in Pakistan. They need to convey WIFI so that client used their cyberspace in every corner of the hotel, new engineering visible radiations. Put cameras in every topographic point of the hotel so that they prevent and leery activities 5.0 MARKET Cleavage: Figure5: Market cleavage ( Field-work ) The procedure of spliting a big market into smaller sections harmonizing to customer/consumer demands and wants . These marketing sections can be aiming by utilizing selling mix. Market cleavage divides the distinguishable group of purchasers with different demands and wants. In market cleavage every person has different demand for each thing. Pearl Continental does non aim one large market for its hotel. Everyone can come here, but the direction of the hotel knows really good that demand and wants is different of every client. Some people came here for concern intents ( set up meeting ) and they are their regular clients every bit good, some is tourers, some people come here for passing their leisure clip with friends and household while some people came here to go to maps. So it means there is different classs of client who visit the hotel with different demands and wants. Due to this ground the hotel direction split its mark market into different sections. aˆ? Geographic aˆ? Demographic aˆ? Psychographic aˆ? Behavioural 5.1 GEOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Geo in writing cleavage means that when we divide our market harmonizing to geographics such identify parts, metropoliss, communities, provinces, one or more states. Pearl Continental Divide its market harmonizing to geographic cleavage. Pearl Continental has different subdivisions in different metropoliss of the state which provide different sort of service harmonizing to its geographic cleavage. 5.2 DEMOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Demographic cleavage means to split the market into assorted groups based gender, age, household life rhythm, household size, business, instruction, income, race, nationality and race. Demographic factors are popular bases for sectioning mark market. The ground is that wants and demands are different harmonizing to demographic factors. For every demographic variable service is different in Pearl Continental. In this hotel, you can acquire the service harmonizing to sex, race, age, matrimonial status/religion etc. Peoples belong to different age group. Similarly all other factors are besides really of import. 5.3 PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Psychographic cleavage means to split clients on the base of life styles, societal category, sentiments, activities, personality and beliefs. Some Peopless are might be in the same demographic group but with the different Psychographic group. In Pearl Continental Psychographic cleavage is really of import. Social category is one of the basic features of Psychographic cleavage. In pearl continental largely services belong to societal category. For illustration this hotel offers The Golf Course Facility, Provided for concern people. This installation is largely used by concern category. Hotel besides provides different installations harmonizing to life style. Such as Dumpukht Dish in the Royal Mogul manner. So people with life style can acquire advantage of this service. 5.4 BEHAVIORAL ISSUES Behavioral cleavage includes merchandise / service consumer demands, use, and monetary value sensitiveness and trade name trueness. The above behavioral factors are used by Pearl Continental. Most of the client is sensitive and loyal to their hotel. So for that ground we discuss above every bit good that pearl Continental divide its mark market into different cleavage which is demographic, psychographic and behavioral cleavage. 6.0 Pricing schemes: Figure 6: Pearl-continental pricing schemes ( Field-work ) Price scheme is used by the companies in order to avoid loss and addition clients. Price scheme means to put monetary value of the bing product/new merchandise in new market/existing market. Pearl Continental usage different sort of monetary value schemes here I will discourse some of them. aˆ? Geographical pricing: In geographical pricing the company make up ones mind to put monetary value harmonizing to geographic location. Pearl continental besides used this scheme like in some topographic points the monetary value of the room is low and in some topographic points the monetary value of the room is high. Which in metropoliss the monetary value is low so that gain the client and crush the rivals. And on the other manus pearl continental in Bur bund charge higher monetary value because it is a tourer topographic point and tonss of VIP s visited at that place so this type of people they merely concerned about the service they usually do nt care about money. aˆ? Price price reductions and allowances: Pearl continental used price reduction policy non merely this hotel every hotel/organization used price reduction policy. Discount policy can be unsafe for pearl Continental unless carefully controlled and used as portion of overall selling. Like if you stay for four dark so we will give you breakfast and meal for free and besides will make price reduction in the monetary value of utilizing swimming pool and golf class. aˆ? Promotional pricing: Pearl continental used promotional pricing scheme to increase their gross revenues and convey more clients to the hotel. They provide inexpensive suites on large events such as EID, Christmas, Diwali etc they reduced the monetary values of the nutrient and drinks every bit good. And besides show the set monetary values in their publicity either by measure board, T.V, wireless etc. aˆ? Discriminatory pricing: Pearl continental sell its merchandise and services at two or more monetary values. Like on first of all they charge client harmonizing to their demand and desire. And on the other manus pearl Continental charge less for the same service or merchandise but if he or she wants to purchase in big measure. For illustration if a concern adult male want a room which is usually on ?200 and there is less suites left in the hotel so they might may bear down the client ?230 on the other manus if a client privation to lease two suites so they might may bear down ?410 which is cheaper than the individual room. Pearl continental used pricing scheme to derive net income and derive more clients. Because they are good cognizant of the environing environment. 7.0 Promotion mix: Pearl-continental promotes its hotels and resorts concatenation all over in the state. For publicity they use the publicity mix tools so that everyone knows them in the market. aˆ? Ad: Pearl Continental do advertisement to advance their merchandises and services which they provide. They do advertisement through T.V, Radio, Bill boards, Brochures, Print ads, catalogue, in hotel show, direct electronic mail and postings. Like they send direct electronic mail to the clients who are already register with them. aˆ? Personal merchandising: Pearl continental besides do personal merchandising means they go and visit different people face-to-face or they call them. In personal merchandising the gross revenues adult male might reply the inquiry about the hotel. And he must convert the individual to go his client. It is besides a sort of unwritten presentation every bit good. It includes staff preparation, gross revenues representative, gross revenues meeting etc. the direction besides name client by telephone who are already register with them. aˆ? Gross saless publicity: Pearl Continental do gross revenues promotion it might be through media or non-media. Pearl Continental do gross revenues publicity for a limited clip period to better consumer demand and better the product/service handiness. For this ground they provide vouchers, they arrange concerts, trade shows and exhibitions etc. they besides do purchase one get one hot repast free ( BOGOF ) so that increase their gross revenues. aˆ? Direct selling: Pearl Continental do direct selling which means they send email heterosexual to the clients about their offers, they do nomadic messages, they send promotional letters, they distribute their hotel and resort catalogue, and they besides do on-line show ads. The pearl continental used the promotional mix schemes because they need to they need to capture the whole market. That is the ground they do tonss of publicity and give price reduction and allowance to the clients. Pearl continental has its subdivision in every metropolis of the state. 8.0 Extended selling mix of Pearl Continental hotel and resort: The Marketing Mix is the set of selling tools frequently summarised as the four Postscript: The Product, its Price, Promotion and Place, that the house uses to accomplish its aims in its mark market ( McCarthy, 2001 ) . In more recent times it is more normally called the 7 Ps the 4 Ps with the add-on of Peoples, Process and Physical Evidence ( Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2004 ) . Figure-7: 3 P s of selling mix Chartered Institute of Marketing ( 2004 ) Marketing mix contain entire 7p s in which Price, Place, Promotion and Product is old one and in new construct there is 3p s which is People, Process and Physical grounds. aˆ? Peoples: Peoples are the chief component in marketing mix without people you can non run your concern. Every person has a specific undertaking in the organisation. In Pearl-continental the staffs is good trained and extremely educated. They serve the clients in a good mannered manner. Their attitude, speaking, walking, client helping is perfect that s why they have tonss of clients. That s why they defeat their rivals. aˆ? Procedure: Procedure means that how can client acquire entree to the hotel. Pearl-continental if a client wants to come in foremost they need to go through the security, than they enter in the anteroom, than into the hotel this is a sort of procedure. If you order some nutrient in pearl-continental you can hold it within a minute you do nt necessitate to wait for long clip so there is some procedure which brings the nutrient more rapidly than the other hotel. aˆ? Physical grounds: In physical grounds Pearl-continental gives their images of the hotel room, garden and nutrient Etc in their web-site. Which client can utilize it as physical grounds? When you book a room in the Pearl-continental and when you enter in the room and the room is good clean, furnished, and have latest engineering so it is the physical grounds every bit good. 9.0 Distribution scheme: Pearl-continental distribution scheme is that they have subdivisions in every metropolis particularly in tourist musca volitanss such as Murree, Abbot Abad Etc. Pearl-continental has two type of distribution scheme one is direct and the other is indirect. Direct is that when client come by his/her ego and book room Etc. And the indirect is when client makes reserve by online, through jobber Etc. Pearl-continental besides did understanding with assorted travel agents in the state and outside of the state which conveying client to hotel and in return the hotel gives them committee. Pearl-continental did understandings in assorted air-lines companies as good. So when the Pilot and Air-hostess arrive in the state so the hotel receive them and convey them to the nearest hotel subdivision and in return they took money from the air hose company. Through these schemes pearl-continental make tonss of net income. 10.0 Main merchandises and services: The chief merchandise and services of the pearl Continental hotel is cordial reception in a traditional manner and provide quality service. Pearl-continental makes their net income from nutrient, drink points and suites these are the chief merchandises. Pearl continental has a really big scope of clients which includes VIP s tourer and locals. Pearl-continental marks the concern category the most. Pearl-continental provides quality service to their clients and besides good trained staff because they need to crush the rivals such as Holiday hostel, Marriot hotel, Tajj hotel and many more. They provide assorted installations to their clients. They facilitate the clients in assorted ways such as aˆ? Florist: For the poke of client the pearl-continental brand flower store in every subdivision of the hotel. Although it is a installation to the clients but they can do net income as good. aˆ? Medical room: Pearl-continental has physician in each subdivision so that in instance of any exigency to the clients or staff so that they can handle them ab initio. aˆ? Massage/Spa room: Most of the client like to take massage or to take watering places so for that pearl-continental makes watering place suites. Which non allocated in every subdivision it is merely in specific subdivisions such as in Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, and Peshawar. Spa/massage is a good beginning of income as good for them. Pearl-continental has tonss of more installations for clients every bit good. aˆ? Golf class aˆ? Swimming pool aˆ? Laundry services aˆ? Provide autos for rent aˆ? Pick and bead service aˆ? Barber store aˆ? Beauty barroom aˆ? Shopping ( rugs, old-timers ) aˆ? Bakery aˆ? Banking: Pearl-continental besides gives premises to Habib bank limited. Who work with in the hotel which takes attention of all banking issues of the clients. 11.0 Task=3 Stages of market research: The research method includes some phases through which we can make research. These phases depend on company/organization type so they choose the best which suits the company. Following phases of the pearl-continental hotels and resorts are explained below: aˆ? Identifying the job and demand: In the first measure the pearl-continental demands to place the job which presently organisation is confronting it and besides to indentify the client demands and wants. And for this ground they need to make probe in internal and external environment in order to screen out the job and besides the client demands and wants. Through external and internal analysis the pearl-continental can the job and every bit good as the client s demands and wants. aˆ? Deciding the research worker: When the pearl-continental identify the demand, want and job than It s of import for the hotel that who can make this research and what sort of attacks should be used to decide these issues. And in this procedure the research worker do some instance surveies in which he/she used the relevant information every bit good as secondary informations. aˆ? Deciding the methodological analysis: In this the research worker used assorted sorts of attacks such as study, interviews, secondary informations analysis etc. The research worker should utilize the appropriate methodological analysis which is relevant to the purpose and aim of the pearl-continental. Pearl-continental demands to follow specific ways/appropriate methodological analysis for look intoing the solution of the job. aˆ? Data aggregation procedure: When the research worker defines the job of the research, than the research worker developed the design of research. This design has a model of ordered actions through which the pearl-continental can accomplish their ends and aims. In this phase the research worker used the mixture technique ( e.g. interview or studies ) , trying methodological analysis etc. 1. Primary informations: Primary informations is such type of informations that is collected for the first clip and does nt be within the records. 2. Secondary informations: Secondary informations consist of attempts of old research workers. Primary information is dependable than secondary informations ( Saunders et al, 2009 ) . Primary informations can be collected by the aid of assorted tools such as interview, studies etc. The pearl-continental research workers do the study on order to roll up information from a big population. In the studies there is a sort of questionnaire in simple apprehensible linguistic communication. Than the research worker collect the study questionnaire for doing the concluding study. While the secondary information is collected from cyberspace, books, articles and diaries etc. That s why pearl-continental used the appropriate tool of informations aggregation. aˆ? Data analysis: In informations analysis the research worker analyse the information which is already collected and so the research worker start redacting it. Data analysis is really of import for the market research program. In this subdivision they edit, tabulate and record the collected informations in a proper manner. Data analysis is really of import for the pearl-continental so that they can accomplish the desirable consequence. The research worker who collects the information is might be in numeral or alphabetic signifi